Novell Nerware

        Net Ware(developed by Novell,inc.)was one of the earliest and most popular network operating systems in terms of number of installations through the 1980s and into the 1990s. Although its market share has declined in recent years,Novell still has a strong follwing and continues to bring  out new network products.Net Ware sever is now just one server operating system offered by Novell.Novell offers two Linux server products,SUSE enterprise and SUSE standard,in addition to the Novell Net Ware server products.
        The benefit of the Net ware server product is the long term reliability of the product and the loyal network administrators of its installed base of servers that have been running  earlier versions of Net ware servers for many years.The SUSE Linux products offer both a basic department/small business NOS in SUSE standard and in SUSE enterprise, a powerful operating system that can run on a board range of computers,up to  mainframes.The Net ware and SUSE enterprise products support distributed applications.

Flash memory

     Flash memory is a special type of memory chip that combines the best features of RAM and ROM.Like RAM,flash memory lets a user or program access data randomly.Also like RAM,flash memory lets you overwrite any all all of its contents at any time.Like ROM,flash memory is nonvolatile,so data is retained even when power is off.

     Flash memory has many uses.For example,it is commonly used in digital cameras multimedia players such as MP3 players.A new type of storage device for PCs, called the flash memory device,is about the size of a car key.In fact many users carry a flash memory drive on their key chain.These tiny devices usually connect to a computer's USB or fire wire port and can store 256 MB or more of data.

How data is organized on a magnetic disk?

         Before the computer can use a magnetic disk to store data,the disk's surface must be magnetically mapped so that the computer can go directly to a specific point on it without searching through data.(because a magnetic disk drive's heads can go directly to any point on the disk's surface to read or write data,magnetic storage devices are also categorized as random access storage devices)The process of making a disk called formatting or initializing.
        When you purchase new diskettes or high capacity floppy disks,they should already be formatted and ready to use with your computer.In a new computer the built  in hard disk is almost always already formatted and has software installed on it.If you buy a new hard disk by itself ,however you may need to format it your self but this is not difficult to do.
        You may find it helpful to reformat diskettes from time to time,because the process ensures that all existing data is deleted  from the disk.During the formatting process ,you can determine whether the disk's surface has faulty spots,and you can copy important system files to the disk.You can format a floppy disk by using operating system commands.

How data is stored on a disk ?

        You may remember from science projects that one magnet can be used to make another.For example you can make a magnet by taking an iron bar and stroking it in one direction with a magnet.The iron bar becomes a magnet itself,because its iron molecules align themselves in one direction.Thus the iron bar becomes polarized,that is its ends have opposite magnet polarity.You also can create a magnet by using electrical current to polarize a piece of iron.The process results in an electromagnet,you can control the polarity and strength of an electromagnet by changing the direction and strength of the current.
       Magnetic storage devices use a similar principle to store data.Just as a transistor can represent binary data as 'on' or 'off' the orientation magnet field can be used to represent data.A magnet has one important advantage over a transistor.that is,it can represent 'on' and 'off' without a continual source of electricity .
       The surface magnet disks and types are coated with millions of tiny iron particles so that data can be stored on them.Each of these particles can act as a magnetic field when subjected to an electromagnet.The read/write hands of a magnet disk or type drive contain electromagnets that generate magnet fields on the iron on the storage medium as the head passes over the disk or tape.
      To read data from a magnet surface,the process is reversed.The read/write head passes over the disk or tape while no current is flowing through the electromagnet.The head possesses no charge,but the storage medium is covered with magnet field,which represent bits of data.The storage medium charges the magnet in the head,which causes a small current to flow the head in one direction or the other,depending on the field,s polarity The disk or tape drive senses the direction of the flow as the storage medium passes by the head, and the data is sent from the read/write head into memory.

Software

Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks.In other words,software tells the computer what to do.(The term program refers to any piece of software).Some programs exist primarily for the computer's use to help it perform tasks and manage its own resources.Other types of programs exists for the user,enabling him or her to perform tasks such as creating documents.Thousands of different software programs are available for use on personal computers.

The parts of computer

A complete computer system consists of four parts

1.Hardware

2.Software

3.Data

4.Users

Hardware
The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called hardware.Hardware is any part of the computer you can touch.A computer,s hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer,s operation,input,and output
Software
Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks.In other words software tells the computer tells the computer what to do.(the term program refers to any piece of software).Some programs exist primarily for the computer,s use to help it perform tasks and manage its own resources.Other types of programs exist for  the user,enabling him or her to perform tasks such as creating documents.
Data
Data consists of individual facts or pieces of information that by themselves may not make much sense to a person.A computer,s primary job is to process these tiny pieces of data in various ways,converting them into useful information.
Users
People are the computer operators,also known as users.It can be argued that some computer systems are complete without a person's involvement ,however no computer is is totally autonomous.Even if a computer can do its job without a person sitting in front of it,people still design,build, program,and repair computer system .

Workstations

A workstation is a specialized ,single-user computer that typically has more power and features than a standard desktop PC.These machines are popular among scientists,engineers and animators who need a system with greater than average speed and the power to perform sophisticated tasks.workstations often have large high resolution monitors and accelerated graphics handling capabilities making them suitable for advanced architectural or engineering design modeling animation and video editing.